DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT PHONETIC TERNS

DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT TERMS:-
1-Allophone:
According to PETER ROACH:-
“Different realisations of phonemes are called allophones”. FOR EXAMPLE Realisation of ” t” i n “tea” is aspirated,and in word “eat” the realisation of t is unaspirated.
According to JACK C.R RICHARDS
“Different variants of phoneme are called allophones”. FOR EXAMPLE
English phoneme /p/ is aspirated (see ASPIRATION) when it occurs at the
beginning of a syllable (as in pot) but unaspirated when it is preceded by
/s/ (as in spot) and may be unreleased when it occurs at the end of an
utterance (as in “he’s not her type”).
2-Morphology:
According to Peter Roach:-
“The way the words are constructed”For Example english word tasteless is formed from taste.
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
“The study of MORPHEMEs and their different forms (ALLOMORPHs), and
the way they combine in WORD FORMATION.” FOR EXAMPLE the English
word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix -lyand the negative prefix un-.
3-Phonetics:
According to Peter Roach:-
“Theory about speech sound” FOR EXAMPLE Differences in sound quality, e.g. between the “clear” /I/ of [la∂t]
light and the “dark” /I/ of [h∂ł] hill.
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
“The study of speech sounds.’’ For example, a listener may perceive:
a differences ASPIRATION e.g. between the aspirated /p/ of [p≠∂t] pit and the
unaspirated /p/ of [t∂p] tip.
4-Phonology:
According to Peter Roach:-
“ How phoneme functions in language and the relationships among the different phonemes”
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
The study of word-to-word relations in sentences; that is, how sound
patterns are affected by the combination of words. For example, /g∂v/
give and /h∂m/ him may combine to /g∂v∂m/ give him.
5-Phoneme:
According to Peter Roach:-
“Small number of regularly used sounds(vowels and consonants) is called phonemes.” For examples The vowels in the words pin and pen are different phonemes. So as consonants at beggings of word pet and bet
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
“The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
For example:
a in English, the words pan and ban differ only in their initial sound:
pan begins with /p/ and ban with /b/
6- Pragmatics:
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
“The study of the use of language in communication, particularly the
relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which
they are used.”
7-Syntax:
According to Richards:-
“Syntax concerns the ways in which words
combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences, making some sentences possible and others not possible within
a particular language”
According to Edward J. Vajda:-
“syntax deals with phrase and sentence formation out of words.”
8-Semantics:
According to Richards:-
“The study of MEANING. There are many different approaches to the way in
which meaning in language is studied. Linguists have investigated, For
example, the way in which meaning in a language is structured
9-Segmental Phonology:
According to Richards:-
“The study of features of
vowels and consonants of a language”
10-Vowels:
According to Peter Roach:-
“Vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to yhe lips. FOR Example Doctor who wants to look at the back of patient’s mouth often asks them to say ah making this vowel sound is the best way of presenting an unobstruction view
According to Richards:-
“A speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing
through the mouth.” For Example vowel e in [ten]
11- Consonants:
According to Peter Roach:-
“Consonants are sounds in which there is an obstruction to flow of air as it passes from larynx to lips For Example [s] [d] [k]
According to Richards:-
“A speech sound where the airstream from the lungs is either completely
blocked (STOP), partially blocked (LATERAL) or where the opening is so
narrow that the air escapes with audible friction (FRICATIVE). With some
consonants (NASALS) the airstream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to
escape through the nose. For Example v, ,j, w,m

12-Non segmental phonology:

According to Peter Roach:-
“Sounds contrasts that extend over several segments(phonemes) For Example “Many significant sound contrasts are not result of differences between phonemes e.g stress is important:when the word “import” is pronounced with the first ayllable sounding stronger than the second.