A short essay over Philosophy |
The difference between empiricism and rationalism comes down to two very different theories in Philosophy. In quoting; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/; Rationalists claim that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge. End quote. Let us first take a look at rationalism. Rationalist say there are many different cases in which sense perception alone has not given the subject matter all of their knowledge. Then they give examples of how reason comes into play for the “other” knowledge there is. Rene Descartes was a Rationalist. Descartes developed the Cartesian Method of Philosophy. The laws of the Cartesian Method state as follows: • Accept nothing as true which is not clear and distinct; • Analyze a problem into its parts and discuss it part by part; • Arrange thoughts from simple to complex as the order of study; • Enumerations must be full and complete and nothing must be omitted. As you will notice, this is the method adopted in mathematics. With the intention of constructing metaphysics on a new basis, Descartes transferred it to Philosophy. So all in all what Descartes, as with many other great philosophers, was trying to tell us, just because something appears to be true or is greatly believed to be true, doesn’t necessarily mean that indeed it is truth. Descartes believed that some ideas are thought to be innate. Eg. The idea of God, and the first beliefs of reason and morality. And some ideas can be formed through sense perception. And finally that there are still some ideas that we believe to be true, but yet, they are not. Descartes goes on to say that it is only our innate ideas that guarantee to be valid. Which brings on mixed emotions among christians and non christians. Descartes believed deeply that there was a God. He goes on to say that he actually can PROVE there is indeed a God. But if you look at the rest of Descartes workings, you find that he does not look at any other subject matter in this same light. Descartes said he knew “the idea” of “being perfect”, so therefore there must be a God. Still yet in all other aspects of Descartes Philosophy, he used reason as the method for knowledge. And without reason, there is no knowledge. Descartes theories were very simple really. In looking at the knowledge one has or will have, you must first ask yourself if you can in fact be sure. Is there preceeding evidence to support your claim? As in a table for example, I KNOW the table is hard because it is indeed made up of hard material. Still yet, what gives me my definition of hard? Have I learned this from somewhere? What does the word actually mean? Where does it come from? Which is why ultimately Descartes is in argument with himself. Although he did not believe this to be true. How can one man use reason to clarify and prove knowledge on so many other facets in life, and still say that he KNOWS that God does indeed exist? Next we will take a look at the Empiricism Philosophical workings of John Locke. Locke is often referred to as “the father of enlightenment”. Locke believed that if we indeed had innate ideas, that we would ultimately be aware of those ideas. Which means that if we are to believe something, we must first be aware of it’s existence first. For example, he believed that children could not possibly have innate ideas because they simply have not had the experience of the world as most adults do. There also Locke said in his Essay concerning Human Understanding, that he rejected the views of rationalist on their thoughts about morality, the beliefs of what is good and what is evil must be instilled in us at birth from God himself. In this rejection Locke finds that if it is indeed God that puts these “beliefs” into us at birth, then why is it that we all have such different views of what those are? “God” could not have possibly put these views so differently into so many people. Which in return means that these thoughts cannot possibly be innate. He goes on to say that it is our experiences that gives us the different views and meanings of these ideas. It is what we are taught and instructed on that instills in our minds what the meanings truly are. Locke does not go as far as Hume, which we will discuss next, in his theory. David Hume’s theory leads to skepticism. Hume states that the cause – relation fact is based on our experiences. Hume’s thoughts say that we learn to do something from being told to or instructed to do this in the beginning. And that it is cause for continuing to do the same things in the future. Eg. When you drive your car, you go the speed limit posted for you to drive in a safe manner and not get pulled over by the police for driving too fast. But what happens when you get pulled over for driving in the wrong lane, or a broken taillight? Which is where the skepticism comes into play. Just because you are doing what you have always believed would keep you out of trouble, doesn’t necessarily mean that you will have the same outcome. There are other factors that come into play that may or may not allow you this happening. Immanuel Kant originally started as a rationalist but later turned his theories to empiricism. Kant argues that is in neither our experiences or our rationale that leads us to knowledge, it is both. Kant’s central thesis that “the possibility of human knowledge presupposes the active participation of the human mind”. His workings, to him, where to bridge a gap between rationalism and empiricism and in particular, to provide an argument for Hume’s Empiricism. In Kant’s words, “thoughts without content [ are ] empty , and intuitions without concepts [ are ] blind ". In this, Kant means that what we perceive from the world, in our minds, is because of our experiences. In that what we see, our minds relate to our experiences which gives us thought. “Kant termed his critical philosophy " transcendental idealism ", which for him is intimately linked with empirical realism.” All in all Kant tells us that just because we believe something to be from our experiences and predecessors, does not duly make it so. There are many things still unknown to us in this world. And we should ask ourselves, are we thinking or believing this way because it is the information that has been given to us? We should question the where, and how this information was originally came to. And that it is in each of us the ability to find this knowledge. In conclusion, Rationalism and Empiricism have both taken on a major role in the Philosophical workings of some of the greatest minds there have ever been. And although you may or may not agree with each of them. I can say that you should find yourself, the way you look at this universe we live in, in at least one if not many of these theories. And that both have contributed to more of the world as we know it than you can possibly imagine. Although they have two very distinctive meanings, without the rationalistic and empiricistic views of all of these great philosophers, where do you think we would be today? Works Cited http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ http://www.radicalacademy.com/adiphilrationalism.htm http://radicalacademy.com/phillocke.htm http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/empvsrat.html http://rsuonline.edu/ec/crs/default.learn?CourseID=2568423&Survey=1&47=2338931&C... http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason |