Not for the faint of art. |
Complex Numbers A complex number is expressed in the standard form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is defined by i^2 = -1 (that is, i is the square root of -1). For example, 3 + 2i is a complex number. The bi term is often referred to as an imaginary number (though this may be misleading, as it is no more "imaginary" than the symbolic abstractions we know as the "real" numbers). Thus, every complex number has a real part, a, and an imaginary part, bi. Complex numbers are often represented on a graph known as the "complex plane," where the horizontal axis represents the infinity of real numbers, and the vertical axis represents the infinity of imaginary numbers. Thus, each complex number has a unique representation on the complex plane: some closer to real; others, more imaginary. If a = b, the number is equal parts real and imaginary. Very simple transformations applied to numbers in the complex plane can lead to fractal structures of enormous intricacy and astonishing beauty. |
In my partial listing of intelligent species yesterday, I left out an important one. But my random number generator reminded me today, by pointing to this article from Atlas Obscura: Can You Outsmart a Raccoon? Recent studies show just how tricky these trash pandas can be, from opening locks to nabbing DoorDash orders. Well, that last bit won't happen to me because I don't use DoorTrash. But I have caught those masked marauders in the actual trash. I also once caught one that had opened the door to the house, snuck in, and scarfed down the cat food. While many other species around the world are in decline, raccoons are actually thriving, and do particularly well in urban areas, says lead author Lauren Stanton, a cognitive ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Okay, that tracks, but... "cognitive ecologist?" Raccoons are strong—they can push a cinder block off a trash can—and tenacious. The more we do to keep them out, the more skills they learn for breaking in, leading to a cognitive arms race between people and raccoons. You know how people keep saying that if cats ever got opposable thumbs, we'd be in big trouble? Well, raccoons don't have opposable thumbs, either, but their little paws grip stuff just fine without them. In 2016, for example, the city of Toronto spent 31 million CAD (that’s about $23 million) on raccoon-resistant waste bins. While they deterred most would-be robbers, certain tricksters had no problem solving the new puzzle. The city has continued to release new versions of the bin, trying to outsmart Toronto’s most persistent trash invaders. All due respect to our Canadian friends, that right there cracked me up. The word raccoon can be traced back to the Proto-Algonquian word ärähkun, deriving from the phrase “he scratches with his hands.” The name was more directly from a specific Algonquian language, spoken by the Powhatans here in what would become Virginia. While it’s hard to compare intelligence across species, says Stanton, she says that some recent studies show the neural density of raccoons is “more similar to primates than other carnivore species.” Also, from what I've been hearing, neither brain size nor neural density is strongly correlated with those traits we call intelligence. Still, there's no mistaking that at least some raccoons exhibit advanced problem-solving skills. However, we have learned that raccoons, once thought to be solitary, are in cahoots with each other far more than we knew. Great. Now we have to deal with raccoon gangs. Lots more at the article, which, most importantly, features multiple pictures of impossibly cute raccoons. |