Annotated bibliography

         ANNOTATED          BIBLIOGRAPHY                     1

The Relationship between Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression and its Association with Breast Cancer

Introduction

Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been considered by scientists as an immunoglobulin molecule that forms part of the cell migration. Changes in expression of this molecule have been identified in different malignancies like ovarian cancer and breast cancer. This annotated bibliography provides various analyses aimed at establishing the relationship between ALCAM expression and its association with breast cancer.
Wade, A., Thomas, C., Kalmar, B., Terenzio, M., Garin, J., Greensmith, L., & Schiavo, G. (2012). Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule modulates neurotrophin signaling. Journal of Neurochemistry, 575-586
The authors suggest that the Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) depends on endosomes and a group of channels to differentiate and survive. In a study highlighted in the article, Wade and his colleagues demonstrates that endosomes have many components such as neurotrophin, and cell adhesion molecules like the ALCAM. The article asserts that there is a direct relationship between ALCAM and neurotrophin signalling. The study examined axonal transport, neurite outgrowth, and the relationship between neurotrophic receptor, Cd166 and signalling endosome. The strength of neurotrophic signalling can be varied and modulated by the external parts of the ALKAM cell. This gives much clue in handling cancer, especially in cases where the enhancement of trophic signalling mostly occurs.
Miccich F., Riva, L., Fabbi, M., Pilotti, S., Mondellini, P., Ferrini, S., Bongarzone, I. (2011). Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression and Shedding in Thyroid Tumors. PLoS ONE.
This article indicates that the ALCAM, CD166 is usually expressed in cancer-initiating cells, tissues and breast cancer. In some cases, changes in cell adhesion have been observed in ALCAM colonised tissues and body tumors. The authors focused on human thyroid tumors and cells to establish the association of ALCAM with cancer. The study established that there is a full-length isoform (associated with membrane) found in cell lysate. The article also asserts that ADAM17/TACE could be traced in the PPC-1 cell line. The conclusion of the findings is that ALCAM are potentially a causative agent in the development of thyroid tumors.
Piao, D., Jiang, T., Liu, G., Wang, B., Xu, J., & Zhu, A. (2011). Clinical implications of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule expression in breast cancer. Molecular Biology Reports Mol Biol Rep, 661-668.
Based on the information provided in the article, there is more ALCAM expression in breast cancer tissues that tumor tissue. Within cancer expressions cases, the ones with high ALCAM expression in the membranes were more likely to be experience lymph node metastasis. In the same study, high cytoplasmic ALCAM patients were less likely to survive and become disease free when compared with those having low cytoplasmic ALCAM expression. Breast cancer cases showed high ALCAM expression. This creates a potential for invasion by malignant cells, weaker tissue adherence, metastasis and final tumor development.
Witzel, I., Schrer, C., Mler, V., Zander, H., Tachezy, M., Ihnen, M., Milde-Langosch, K. (n.d.). Detection of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule in the Serum of Breast Cancer Patients and Implications for Prognosis. Oncology, 305-312.
From an analysis of soluble ALCAM in blood serum of breast cancer patients, the authors indicates that the levels of soluble ALCAM differ across patients and the health control methods employed. The article also points out that no correlation exists between mRNA expression in tumors and the serum levels, age, grading and histological type for the patients examined. According to the conclusions made, soluble ALCAM can be observed in the blood serum of breast cancer patients.
Hein, S., Mler, V., Kler, N., Wikman, H., Krenkel, S., Streichert, T., Milde-Langosch, K. (2010). Biologic role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule overexpression in breast cancer cell lines and clinical tumor tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 347-360.
According to this article, cases of high ALCAM are linked to lowered cell motility. Additionally, high ALCAM increases the apoptosis levels in the cell lines. Hein and his colleagues assert that for the MDA-MB231 cells, there is an observed correlation between VEGF expression and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There is also a direct association between ALCAM expression and estrogen receptor-positive phenotype. High ALCAM also directly correlate with high tumor presence and nodal involvement in bone marrow. These findings demonstrate that ALCAM has a biological role in the development of breast cancer and ductal carcinomas.

Conclusion

Based on the above findings, it is clear that changes in expression of ALCAM plays an important role in the development of the breast cancer.

List of References

Hein, S., Mler, V., Kler, N., Wikman, H., Krenkel, S., Streichert, T., Milde-Langosch, K. (2010). Biologic role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule overexpression in breast cancer cell lines and clinical tumor tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 347-360.
Miccich F., Riva, L., Fabbi, M., Pilotti, S., Mondellini, P., Ferrini, S., Bongarzone, I. (2011). Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression and Shedding in Thyroid Tumors. PLoS ONE.
Piao, D., Jiang, T., Liu, G., Wang, B., Xu, J., & Zhu, A. (2011). Clinical implications of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule expression in breast cancer. Molecular Biology Reports Mol Biol Rep, 661-668.
Wade, A., Thomas, C., Kalmar, B., Terenzio, M., Garin, J., Greensmith, L., & Schiavo, G. (2012). Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule modulates neurotrophin signaling. Journal of Neurochemistry, 575-586
Witzel, I., Schrer, C., Mler, V., Zander, H., Tachezy, M., Ihnen, M., Milde-Langosch, K. (n.d.). Detection of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule in the Serum of Breast Cancer Patients and Implications for Prognosis. Oncology, 305-312.