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For Authors: October 12, 2005 Issue [#658]

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  Edited by: Holly Jahangiri Author IconMail Icon
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Table of Contents

1. About this Newsletter
2. A Word from our Sponsor
3. Letter from the Editor
4. Editor's Picks
5. A Word from Writing.Com
6. Ask & Answer
7. Removal instructions

About This Newsletter

Cut out all those exclamation marks. An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.

--F. Scott Fitzgerald

The quality of our thoughts is bordered on all sides by our facility with language.

--J. Michael Straczynski

England and America are two countries divided by a common language.

--George Bernard Shaw




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Letter from the editor

Prefix + Root + Suffix

If last month’s newsletter was “fifty-cent words,” then perhaps this month’s newsletter might be called “how to get rich quick.” It’s about the building blocks used to create those “fifty-cent words,” and how we combine small units of meaning - prefixes, roots, and suffixes - to create words that express more complex ideas.

A root word is a complete word that has meaning all by itself. Prefixes (added to the beginning of a word) and suffixes (added to the end of a word) modify, or change, the root word. Add a prefix, suffix, or one of each to the root, and you create new words. For example (with roots highlighted): un + happy + est (unhappiest); anti + thesis (antithesis); auto + nomy (autonomy).

The list below is not comprehensive; in fact, it is only a small sample of prefixes, roots, and suffixes we’ve borrowed from Latin and Greek. English traces its origins to Indo-European, with heavy Germanic influences (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes), Scandinavian (Viking) influences, and Norman (French/Latin) influences. The Renaissance brought with it an interest in Latin and Greek.

The industrial and scientific revolutions created a need for neologisms to describe the new creations and discoveries. For this, English relied heavily on Latin and Greek. Words like oxygen, protein, nuclear, and vaccine did not exist in the classical languages, but they were created from Latin and Greek roots. Such neologisms were not exclusively created from classical roots though, English roots were used for such terms as horsepower, airplane, and typewriter.

This burst of neologisms continues today, perhaps most visible in the field of electronics and computers. Byte, cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip are good examples.

Also, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world, but to introduce words into English. Hindi, and the other languages of the Indian subcontinent, provided many words, such as pundit, shampoo, pajamas, and juggernaut. Virtually every language on Earth has contributed to the development of English, from Finnish (sauna) and Japanese (tycoon) to the vast contributions of French and Latin.

From “A History of the English Language,” at http://www.wordorigins.org/histeng.htm

You can learn more about root words, prefixes, and suffixes at http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/spelling/wordbuilding/rootwords/index.shtm...

Study the list below, and see if you can think of additional examples of prefix + root + suffix word construction.

Prefixes

a , an > not, without
Examples:
amoral

ab > away
Examples:
abrupt, absent, absolve

ad > to, toward, near
Examples:
addict, adverb, advertisement, afflict

ambi , amphi > both
Examples:
ambidextrous

ana > up, back again, throughout, against
Examples:
anarchy

ante > before, prior to, in front of
Examples:
antecedent

anti > against, opposite, destroying
Examples:
antifreeze

apo > away from
Examples:
apogee

auto > self, same
Examples:
autobiography

bary , gravi > heavy
Examples:
gravity

bi , bis > twice, double, two
Examples:
bicycle, bivalve

bio > life, living organism
Examples:
biology, biomechanical

brachy , brevi > short
Examples:
brevity

brady > slow
Examples:
bradychardia

cata > down, reverse, degenerate, across, under
Examples:
catatonic, catapult

ceno , coelo , vacuo > empty
Examples:
vacuous

centi > Hundred, 1/100th, 100
Examples:
centimeter

chilio , milli > 1000
Examples:
millipede

chromo > color
Examples:
chromosome

circum > around, about
Examples:
circumvent

co , com , con > together, jointly
Examples:
commingle, coauthor

con > with
Examples:
concert

contra > against
Examples:
contraband

cryo , psychro , frigidi > cold
Examples:
cryogenic, frigidity

crypto , calypto , operti > hidden
Examples:
cryptography, operative

cyclo , gyro, circuli > round
Examples:
cyclothemic, gyroscope, circular

de > away, off, from/down, do opposite of, generally indicates reversal or removal in English
Examples:
deactivate, debone, defrost, decompress, deplane

deca , decem > 10, ten
Examples:
decade

deci > ten, 1/10th
Examples:
decimeter

demi , semi , hemi > half
Examples:
demigod, semisweet, hemisphere

di , dis > two, twice, double
Examples:
diameter

dia > through
Examples:
diameter

diplo > double
Examples:
diplodocus

dis > not, not any, opposite, apart, removed
Examples:
disbelief, discomfort, discredit, disrepair, disrespect

dys > abnormal, hard, difficult, bad
Examples:
dysfunctional

dys , caco , mali > bad
Examples:
malefactor, cacophonous, dyspepsia

e , ex (Lat.); ec , ex (Gk.) > out of
Examples:
exit, exude

ecto > outer, outside, external
Examples:
ectoplasm

en > in
Examples:
entrance

endo > inside, within
Examples:
endoscopy

ennea , novem > 9
Examples:
November

epi > on, over, around, after
Examples:
epicenter

eu > good, well, true
Examples:
euphoria, eulogy

eury, platy , lati > wide
Examples:
platypus, latitude

ex > outside, not
Examples:
expatriate

exo > outside, outward
Examples:
exoskeleton

extra > outside, beyond, in addition to
Examples:
extracurricular

gyn , gyneco > woman
Examples:
gynecologist

hecatonta , centi > 100
Examples: centimeter

hemi > half
Examples:
hemisphere

hen , uni > 1
Examples:
university

hepta , septem > 7
Examples:
September

hetero , allo , vario > different, other
Examples:
heterogeneous, heterosexual

hex, hexa , sex > 6
Examples:

holo , toti > whole, entirely
Examples:

homo > same, like
Examples:
homogenous, homosexual

homo , homeo , simili > alike
Examples:

hygro , hydro , humidi > wet, water, liquid
Examples:
hydration, hydroelectric

hyper > excessive, beyond, over, above,
Examples:
hypertensive

hypo > too little, below, less than normal
Examples:
hypoactive

idio , proprio , sui > one's own
Examples:
idiopathic, proprietary, suicide

in > not
Examples:
incapable, indecisive, intolerable, invalid

in > in, into, on
You often see this prefix as im.
Used with verbal roots.
Examples:
insert, implode

in > not, occasionally, beyond belief
Examples:
incredible

in im > put into, cause to be
Examples:
infiltrate

infra > inferior to, below
Examples:
infrared

inter > between, among
Examples:
international, interfaith, intertwine, intercellular, interject, interstate, intercept, interdependent, interprovincial

intra > within
Examples:
intramural, intrapersonal, intraprovincial

intro > within
Examples:
introduction

iso , equi > equal, uniform
Examples:
isometric, equidistant

macro , mega > large, inclusive
Examples:
macrobiologist

mal > bad, abnormal
Examples:
malformed

medi , meso , medio > middle
Examples:
median

mega , megalo , makro , magni , grandi > big
Examples:
megabyte, grandiose

meta > with, after, beyond, later (time or development)
Examples:
metaphysical

micro , parvi > little, small
Examples:
microbiologist

milli > thousand, 1/1000th
Examples:
millipede

mis > bad
Examples:
miscarriage

mono > one, single
Examples:
monotheism

multi > many
Examples:
multicolored

myo > muscle
Examples:
myofacial

nano > billion
Examples:
nanosecond

neo , ceno , novi > new, recent
Examples:
neolithic

noct(i) > night
Examples:
nocturnal

non > not
Examples:
nonessential, nonmetallic, nonresident

null(i) > none
Examples:
nullify

ob > inversely
Examples:
obstinate

octo > 8
Examples:
octopus

oligo , pauci > few
Examples:
oligarchy

omni > all
Examples:
omniscient

oxy , acri > sharp
Examples:
acrimonious

pachy , pycno , steato , crassi > thick
Examples:
pachyderm

paleo , archeo , veteri , seni > old, prehistoric
Examples:
paleontologist, archaeologist, veteran, senility

palin > again
Examples:
palindrome

pan > all
Examples:
pantheon

para > beside, near, beyond, similar to, along side of
Examples:
paralegal

path(o) > disease, suffering
Examples:
pathogen, pathological

penta , quinque > 5
Examples:
pentagram

per > through, throughout, thorough, complete
Examples:
pervade

peri > around, all around, enclosing, near
Examples:
periscope

poly > many
Examples:
polygon

post > after
Examples:
postdate, postwar, postnasal, postnatal

post > after
Examples:
postpone

post > after
Examples:
postpone, postscript, postwar

pre > before
Examples:
preconceive, preexist, premeditate, predispose, prepossess, prepay

pro > forward
Examples:
progress

pro , proso > supporting, acting in favor of
Examples:
propose

pseudo > false
Examples:
pseudonym

quadr(i) tetra > four
Examples:
quadruped, tetrahedron

quadrati , rectanguli > square
Examples:
rectangular

re > again, back, backward
Examples:
rearrange, rebuild, recall, remake, rerun, rewrite

retro > back, backward, situated behind
Examples:
retrogress

semi , hemi > 1/2
Examples:
semisoft, hemisphere

sesqui > 1 1/2
Examples:
sesquicentennial

sub > under
Examples:
submarine, subsoil, subway, subhuman, substandard

super > more than
Examples:
supermarket

super > over, upon, above, upper
Examples: supercede

sym > together
Examples:
symbol

sym syn > same, together
Examples:
synthetic

syn > with
Examples:
syncopated

tauto , identi > same
Examples:
tautological, identical

tetra , tessaro , quadri > 4
Example
s: tetrahedron, quadrilateral

thermo , calidi > hot
Example
s: thermometer

trans > across, beyond, through
Examples:
transatlantic, transpolar

tri > three
Examples:
tricorn, triumvirate

ultra > beyond
Examples:
ultraviolet

un > not
Examples:
unwilling

uni > one, singular
Examples:
university, unilateral


Roots


arch > ancient
Examples:
archetype

aster/astra > star
Examples:
astronomy

audi > hear
Examples:
audible

bene > good/well
Examples:
benefit

bio > life
Examples:
biology

brev > short
Examples:
abbreviation

chrono > time
Examples:
chronology

derm > skin
Examples:
dermatologist

dict > to say, to speak
Examples:
contradict, dictate, diction, edict, predict

duc > to lead, bring, take
Examples:
deduce, produce, reduce

fer > carry
Examples:
transfer

fix > fasten
Examples:
affix

gen > birth
Examples:
generate

geo > earth
Examples:
geography

graph > write
Examples:
graphic

gress > to walk
Examples:
digress, progress, transgress

hemo > blood
Examples:
hemoglobin

herb > plants
Examples:
herbaceous

hydro > water
Examples:
hydrate

ject > to throw
Examples:
eject, interject, project, reject, subject

jur/just > law
Examples:
jury

log/logue > word/thought
Examples:
dialogue

luc > light
Examples:
lucid

manu > hand
Examples:
manual

meter/metr > measure
Examples:
thermometer

neg > no
Examples:
negate

ocu > eye
Examples:
ocular

olig > few
Examples:
oligarchy

op/oper > work
Examples:
operation

path > feeling
Examples:
sympathy

ped > child
Examples:
pediatrics

pel > to drive
Examples:
compel, dispel, impel, repel

pend > to hang
Examples:
append, depend, impend, pendant, pendulum

phil > love
Examples:
philosophy

phys > body/nature
Examples:
physical

pod > foot
Examples:
podiatrist

port > to carry
Examples:
comport, deport, export, import, report, support

proto > first
Examples:
prototype

pseudo > false
Examples:
pseudonym

scrib, script > to write
Examples:
describe, description, prescribe, prescription, subscribe, subscription, transcribe, transcription

scrib/script > write
Examples:
scribble

sect > cut
Examples:
dissect

sol > alone
Examples:
solitary

struct > build
Examples:
construct

tact > touch
Examples:
contact

tele > far off
Examples:
telephone

ter/terr > earth
Examples:
territory

tract > to pull, drag, draw
Examples:
attract, contract, detract, extract, protract, retract, traction

vac > empty
Examples:
vacant

ver > truth
Examples:
verify

verb > word
Examples:
verbal

vert > to turn
Examples:
convert, divert, invert, revert

vid/vis > see
Examples:
video


Suffixes


able, ible > forms adjectives; “capable or worthy of”
Examples:
likable, flexible

ac, al, an, ar, ic, ous > possessing, full of
Examples:
capricious, carnal, banal

al > relating to
Examples:
maternal

arium > place of
Examples:
aquarium

ation > forms nouns from verbs
Examples:
creation, civilization, speculation, information

cide > killing
Examples:
fratricide, homocide

dom > quality/state
Examples:
freedom

fy, ify > forms verbs; “to make or cause to become”
Examples:
purify, acidify, humidify

ic > relating to
Examples:
poetic

ile > quality/state
Examples:
juvenile

ism > quality/state
Examples:
catholicism

ist > one who practices
Examples:
biologist

ment > forms nouns from verbs
Examples:
entertainment, amazement, statement, banishment

ment > forms nouns from verbs
Examples:
entertainment, amazement, statement, banishment

meter > measuring device
Examples:
spectrometer

oid > resembling, appearance of
Examples:
ovoid

ology > science, theory, study of, or expression
Examples:
theology, biology, astrology

osis > process; diseased/abnormal condition; increase, formation
Examples:
halitosis

ous > quality/state
Examples:
nebulous

pathy > disease, treatment of disease
Examples:
neuropathy

philia > tendency toward; abnormal attraction to
Examples:
pyrophilia

phobia > fear of
Examples:
hydrophobia, agoraphobia

tion > quality/state
Examples:
preservation

ty, ity > forms nouns from adjectives
Examples:
subtlety, certainty, electricity, technicality

ular > relating to
Examples:
cellular


Until next month,





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Ask & Answer

heylorlass wrote:

Jessibelle,

Thanks for the newsletter. I have never thought about looking up a dictionary and studying words before. It really helped me to learn more voabulary. Thanks for the tip. I'm still new here and I have a question that has been buggin me. I have a story I'm writing at the moment. But the thing is , because this is an American website ( I'm a good old Scot you see ) the spellings are different on the spell check. Are there anyway to check it without spending hours and hours pouring over a dictionary? Should I stick with the Brittish way, or go American? This website is the best writing one I have ever found and I love it. I just don't know how to spell check it ? Thanks !

I don’t know what word-processing program you use, but I believe Word has several different dictionaries built-in, so you’re not stuck with American English. You may well be stuck with it here, but there’s been a lot of discussion about American vs. British spelling, and the consensus seems to be that if you use one or the other consistently, most people can recognize and respect the differences in spelling. If you are getting too many reviews that try to “correct” your proper spelling, and if you’re tired of trying to educate people, you might want to add a note to your bio block or the beginning of your stories. I wouldn’t bother trying to translate your writing to American English, though; there’s no need. Writing.com is based in the U.S., but our members span the globe and all are welcome. –-Jessiebelle



sure, maybe as you get older it is harder to remember dictionary deffinitions, but even I find it hard to do that and I am still in high school. It is so much easier to come up with sentances or synonmes for them than the actual deffinition. Again another great news letter

Try writing the word, the definition of the word, its origins, and a few sentences using the word in a way that demonstrates its meaning. –-Jessiebelle



Reading "Thoughts of a Trash Picker in the Housten Astrodome" was very eye-opening and refreshing at the same time. While it is strange to say refreshing when talking about a natural disaster that affected millions of lives, it was nice to see a different view of people affected by the tragedy. The news has had a field day putting its slant on the reactionsl of the displased people. This has done nothing but split the country even more, making Hurricane Katrina a political pawn. The thoughts of the trash picker should be published so that more people get a chance to see and learn about the personality of the majority of the displaced people rather than the minority.

I am always struck by two things after a disaster like Katrina: First, that immediately after the disaster, most people come together and help one another, regardless of their differences. Second, that within a week or two, they are back to picking at their differences with a vengeance. –-Jessiebelle



To keep my vocabulary up, I'm going to get a 'Word A Day' calender. Everytime I run into a particularly good word, I can just save the tear off page. Do you know any good 'Word a Day' ezines or webpages?

Thanks!
ShadowDawn




Jessie:

Wonderful newsletter. I think I will try the NaNoWriMo this year. And thank you for the links to improve my vocabulary.

Good luck with it! I’ll see you over on the NaNo forums, too, I hope. –-Jessiebelle



Jessie,

I was gonna tell you how great your newsletter was, but I've been so forgetful of late. Well, then, just thank you should suffice ,

W.D.

Thank you, Bill. –-Jessiebelle



I always seem to have trouble creating a realistic charactor in any story I've tried to write. S/He's always either too perfect, or completly useless. If you have any advice it would be much appreciated!

I wish I could remember who said to “give your characters warts.” If you’re writing about a strong, heroic character, think about what flaw he or she might have. Conversely, if you’re writing about a totally useless character, think about what one virtue he or she might have. Perhaps he makes a really great door stop, and saves the world by being parked in the portal to another universe while the rest of humanity escapes. Try to make the flaw or virtue something fairly unique to your character, so readers will be a little surprised and intrigued. –-Jessiebelle



I absolutely love NaNoWriMo! I did it last year and I just felt so much more driven to write, even afterward. I started five days late because I'd only just heard of it, and my computer died for a week somewhere in the middle of November, yet somehow I still made the 50,000 words. Overcoming those little challenges and actually succeeding made me feel so great. I hope anyone who thinks they could maybe make it gives it a shot. I surprised myself.

Just had to add my NaNoWriMo love =)
~Fenix

If there are people who can pull it off while writing longhand, with a pencil… we have no good excuses. –-Jessiebelle


hdelphyne wrote:

I enjoyed the letter on Fifty Cent Words. I can relate to the loss of vocabularly. During the past year, I have taken up solo Scrabble (and bought a new dictionary to replace a twenty year old version). I am astounded by the number of words I have never even heard of before. Perhaps the gems won't work in a story, but the exercise does keep the mind active. Thea

If last month’s newsletter was “fifty-cent words,” then this month’s is “how to get rich quick.” *Wink* –-Jessiebelle

PlannerDan Author IconMail Icon wrote:

Jessie, very interesting and alarming newsletter. As you listed the words from the SAT vocabulary, I cringed to find that I did not know half of them, much less be able to use them in a sentence. "Old timers" has surely established itself in my cranium. I used to love the section in Readers Digest that challenged us to build a more picturesque speech. But I have determined that it is a losing proposition for me. Why know and use words that the majority of your audiance stumble on. And, I know they are stumbling, because I do too.

Excuse me now, as I go dig up my old editions of Reader's Digest need to work on my 'word power.'

Why, indeed? Perhaps if we didn’t “dumb down” our writing, and made our readers do just a tiny bit more work (provided we entertain them and hold their interest along the way), then the majority wouldn’t be stumbling. Do we aim for the lowest common denominator, or try to raise the lowest common denominator just a bit? –-Jessiebelle



Thanks for "Fifty cent Words and the SAT." The west coast editor of Doubleday spoke at our writer's annual banquet, and he very pointedly advised us to write in the vocabulary of the average 8th grade student because this is the average reading level across the country, and this is the buying ($$$) market for us.

Sad, true, and strikes me as just a little bit mercenary. When I was in 6th grade, I did not just have to memorize a list of spelling words. I had to study them, and that included using a dictionary to write out the definition, along with the pronunciation and etymology. Sure, we groaned a little, but imagine the fun the class had with the assignment this teacher handed out when someone dared to utter a “dirty word” in class: We all had to choose a four-letter word, go into the library, look it up in several dictionaries, and write its history. Then we had to present it in class. Now, imagine the uproar that assignment might cause in today’s schools. Kind of a shame, isn’t it? Can you think of a better learning-experience-as-deterrent-to-bad-behavior? –-Jessiebelle


Miss_JoJo Author IconMail Icon wrote:

Intriguing topic, la Belle I'm struggling with dictionary type definitions but I reckon 31 is a bit early for Alzheimer's. So as an aide memoir I'm relying on my my.yahoo page to give me a Word of the Day occasionally I realise I've turned into Mrs. Malaprop a very humbling experience...

Ah, yes, Mrs. Malaprop… good idea for a future newsletter! –-Jessiebelle



Dear Jessie,

Thank you for an excellent newsletter. I have routinely advocated learning five new words every day of your life to anyone who dared to ask me the meaning of a word ... be it my doctor colleagues, my daughters, my wife, my brothers, or even my own patients! So I readily agree that this is the best way to spend those two or three minutes of wasted time daily! The links are awesome. Reader's Digest Word Power is something I have always been getting 16+ scores at, though occasionally the jargon words from an unrelated industry put me down to 10 !

drtaher

I know that as my grandmother grew older, her doctor recommended doing crossword puzzles and other brainteasers, as well, to keep her mentally sharp. It worked well; she was still sharp as a tack at 94. –-Jessiebelle



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