Not for the faint of art. |
Complex Numbers A complex number is expressed in the standard form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is defined by i^2 = -1 (that is, i is the square root of -1). For example, 3 + 2i is a complex number. The bi term is often referred to as an imaginary number (though this may be misleading, as it is no more "imaginary" than the symbolic abstractions we know as the "real" numbers). Thus, every complex number has a real part, a, and an imaginary part, bi. Complex numbers are often represented on a graph known as the "complex plane," where the horizontal axis represents the infinity of real numbers, and the vertical axis represents the infinity of imaginary numbers. Thus, each complex number has a unique representation on the complex plane: some closer to real; others, more imaginary. If a = b, the number is equal parts real and imaginary. Very simple transformations applied to numbers in the complex plane can lead to fractal structures of enormous intricacy and astonishing beauty. |
People like a happy-ending success story, I hear. This one's from Nautilus, and dated just last month: Voyagers Ready to Go Dark Earthâs most distant space probes prepare for their inevitable long night. When the two Voyager probes launched into space in 1977, they were headed to uncharted territory. It was the first time humanity had sent robot spacecraft to study up close the four giant outer planets of our solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. I'll pause a moment for everyone to get the Uranus jokes out of their system. ... Okay? Good. Let me then emphasize that they did all this with 1970s technology. Personal computers hadn't even been invented yet. Once the Voyagersâ tour of the four planets was complete in 1990, the worldâs attention faded; but the probes continued to provide remarkable insights into the dynamics of the solar system, including ultraviolet sources among the stars and the boundary between the sunâs influence and interstellar space. As I said above: success. More than 45 years after they first launched, the Voyagers are now NASAâs longest-lived mission and the most distant human-made objects from the Earthâbut they will one day soon go offline and drift silently into the final frontier, perhaps for eternity. Well, maybe one of them will gain sentience and surprise future starship captains. For McNutt, itâs a âpleasant surpriseâ that the Voyagers are still working after all these years: âI joke with people: If you go back and look at the original papers, the Voyagers were designed to work for four and a half years,â he says. âWeâve outlived the warranty by a factor of 10.â It seems like a lot of NASA missions went on long past their expiration dates. I suppose that balances the few who fail early into the mission. Even when the Voyagers can no longer communicate with Earth, it will not be the end of their mission. Both probes bear the famous 12-inch âgolden recordâ of the sounds of Earth, greetings in more than 50 languages, music by Mozart and Chuck Berry, and a star map showing how to get here. Kid Me thought that was a bad idea back then, and I still think it's a bad idea. It's like setting your home address in GPS: someone steals the GPS, knows where you live and that you're not home. Only in this case they'll know where we live and it doesn't matter if we're home. But whatever. The chance of meeting other technological beings in this galaxy are minuscule at best, and if it happens, it'll be a long, long time from now, and that'll be the last remaining shred of human artifice. There are no happy endings, you see. There are only writers who decide to stop the story early. |