Prefix + Root + Suffix
If last month’s newsletter was “fifty-cent words,” then perhaps this month’s newsletter might be called “how to get rich quick.” It’s about the building blocks used to create those “fifty-cent words,” and how we combine small units of meaning - prefixes, roots, and suffixes - to create words that express more complex ideas.
A root word is a complete word that has meaning all by itself. Prefixes (added to the beginning of a word) and suffixes (added to the end of a word) modify, or change, the root word. Add a prefix, suffix, or one of each to the root, and you create new words. For example (with roots highlighted): un + happy + est (unhappiest); anti + thesis (antithesis); auto + nomy (autonomy).
The list below is not comprehensive; in fact, it is only a small sample of prefixes, roots, and suffixes we’ve borrowed from Latin and Greek. English traces its origins to Indo-European, with heavy Germanic influences (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes), Scandinavian (Viking) influences, and Norman (French/Latin) influences. The Renaissance brought with it an interest in Latin and Greek.
The industrial and scientific revolutions created a need for neologisms to describe the new creations and discoveries. For this, English relied heavily on Latin and Greek. Words like oxygen, protein, nuclear, and vaccine did not exist in the classical languages, but they were created from Latin and Greek roots. Such neologisms were not exclusively created from classical roots though, English roots were used for such terms as horsepower, airplane, and typewriter.
This burst of neologisms continues today, perhaps most visible in the field of electronics and computers. Byte, cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip are good examples.
Also, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world, but to introduce words into English. Hindi, and the other languages of the Indian subcontinent, provided many words, such as pundit, shampoo, pajamas, and juggernaut. Virtually every language on Earth has contributed to the development of English, from Finnish (sauna) and Japanese (tycoon) to the vast contributions of French and Latin.
Study the list below, and see if you can think of additional examples of prefix + root + suffix word construction.
Prefixes
a , an > not, without
Examples: amoral
ab > away
Examples: abrupt, absent, absolve
ad > to, toward, near
Examples: addict, adverb, advertisement, afflict
ambi , amphi > both
Examples: ambidextrous
ana > up, back again, throughout, against
Examples: anarchy
ante > before, prior to, in front of
Examples: antecedent
anti > against, opposite, destroying
Examples: antifreeze
apo > away from
Examples: apogee
auto > self, same
Examples: autobiography
bary , gravi > heavy
Examples: gravity
bi , bis > twice, double, two
Examples: bicycle, bivalve
bio > life, living organism
Examples: biology, biomechanical
brachy , brevi > short
Examples: brevity
brady > slow
Examples: bradychardia
cata > down, reverse, degenerate, across, under
Examples: catatonic, catapult
ceno , coelo , vacuo > empty
Examples: vacuous
centi > Hundred, 1/100th, 100
Examples: centimeter
chilio , milli > 1000
Examples: millipede
chromo > color
Examples: chromosome
circum > around, about
Examples: circumvent
co , com , con > together, jointly
Examples: commingle, coauthor
con > with
Examples: concert
contra > against
Examples: contraband
cryo , psychro , frigidi > cold
Examples: cryogenic, frigidity
crypto , calypto , operti > hidden
Examples: cryptography, operative
cyclo , gyro, circuli > round
Examples: cyclothemic, gyroscope, circular
de > away, off, from/down, do opposite of, generally indicates reversal or removal in English
Examples: deactivate, debone, defrost, decompress, deplane
deca , decem > 10, ten
Examples: decade
deci > ten, 1/10th
Examples: decimeter
demi , semi , hemi > half
Examples: demigod, semisweet, hemisphere
di , dis > two, twice, double
Examples: diameter
dia > through
Examples: diameter
diplo > double
Examples: diplodocus
dis > not, not any, opposite, apart, removed
Examples: disbelief, discomfort, discredit, disrepair, disrespect
dys > abnormal, hard, difficult, bad
Examples: dysfunctional
dys , caco , mali > bad
Examples: malefactor, cacophonous, dyspepsia
e , ex (Lat.); ec , ex (Gk.) > out of
Examples: exit, exude
ecto > outer, outside, external
Examples: ectoplasm
en > in
Examples: entrance
endo > inside, within
Examples: endoscopy
ennea , novem > 9
Examples: November
epi > on, over, around, after
Examples: epicenter
eu > good, well, true
Examples: euphoria, eulogy
eury, platy , lati > wide
Examples: platypus, latitude
ex > outside, not
Examples: expatriate
exo > outside, outward
Examples: exoskeleton
extra > outside, beyond, in addition to
Examples: extracurricular
gyn , gyneco > woman
Examples: gynecologist
hecatonta , centi > 100
Examples: centimeter
hemi > half
Examples: hemisphere
hen , uni > 1
Examples: university
hepta , septem > 7
Examples: September
hetero , allo , vario > different, other
Examples: heterogeneous, heterosexual
hex, hexa , sex > 6
Examples:
holo , toti > whole, entirely
Examples:
homo > same, like
Examples: homogenous, homosexual
homo , homeo , simili > alike
Examples:
hygro , hydro , humidi > wet, water, liquid
Examples: hydration, hydroelectric
hyper > excessive, beyond, over, above,
Examples: hypertensive
hypo > too little, below, less than normal
Examples: hypoactive
idio , proprio , sui > one's own
Examples: idiopathic, proprietary, suicide
in > not
Examples: incapable, indecisive, intolerable, invalid
in > in, into, on
You often see this prefix as im.
Used with verbal roots.
Examples: insert, implode
in > not, occasionally, beyond belief
Examples: incredible
in im > put into, cause to be
Examples: infiltrate
infra > inferior to, below
Examples: infrared
inter > between, among
Examples: international, interfaith, intertwine, intercellular, interject, interstate, intercept, interdependent, interprovincial
intra > within
Examples: intramural, intrapersonal, intraprovincial
intro > within
Examples: introduction
iso , equi > equal, uniform
Examples: isometric, equidistant
macro , mega > large, inclusive
Examples: macrobiologist
mal > bad, abnormal
Examples: malformed
medi , meso , medio > middle
Examples: median
mega , megalo , makro , magni , grandi > big
Examples: megabyte, grandiose
meta > with, after, beyond, later (time or development)
Examples: metaphysical
micro , parvi > little, small
Examples: microbiologist
milli > thousand, 1/1000th
Examples: millipede
mis > bad
Examples: miscarriage
mono > one, single
Examples: monotheism
multi > many
Examples: multicolored
myo > muscle
Examples: myofacial
nano > billion
Examples: nanosecond
neo , ceno , novi > new, recent
Examples: neolithic
noct(i) > night
Examples: nocturnal
non > not
Examples: nonessential, nonmetallic, nonresident
null(i) > none
Examples: nullify
ob > inversely
Examples: obstinate
octo > 8
Examples: octopus
oligo , pauci > few
Examples: oligarchy
omni > all
Examples: omniscient
oxy , acri > sharp
Examples: acrimonious
pachy , pycno , steato , crassi > thick
Examples: pachyderm
paleo , archeo , veteri , seni > old, prehistoric
Examples: paleontologist, archaeologist, veteran, senility
palin > again
Examples: palindrome
pan > all
Examples: pantheon
para > beside, near, beyond, similar to, along side of
Examples: paralegal
path(o) > disease, suffering
Examples: pathogen, pathological
penta , quinque > 5
Examples: pentagram
per > through, throughout, thorough, complete
Examples: pervade
peri > around, all around, enclosing, near
Examples: periscope
poly > many
Examples: polygon
post > after
Examples: postdate, postwar, postnasal, postnatal
post > after
Examples: postpone
post > after
Examples: postpone, postscript, postwar
pre > before
Examples: preconceive, preexist, premeditate, predispose, prepossess, prepay
pro > forward
Examples: progress
pro , proso > supporting, acting in favor of
Examples: propose
pseudo > false
Examples: pseudonym
quadr(i) tetra > four
Examples: quadruped, tetrahedron
quadrati , rectanguli > square
Examples: rectangular
re > again, back, backward
Examples: rearrange, rebuild, recall, remake, rerun, rewrite
retro > back, backward, situated behind
Examples: retrogress
semi , hemi > 1/2
Examples: semisoft, hemisphere
sesqui > 1 1/2
Examples: sesquicentennial
sub > under
Examples: submarine, subsoil, subway, subhuman, substandard
super > more than
Examples: supermarket
super > over, upon, above, upper
Examples: supercede
sym > together
Examples: symbol
sym syn > same, together
Examples: synthetic
syn > with
Examples: syncopated
tauto , identi > same
Examples: tautological, identical
tetra , tessaro , quadri > 4
Examples: tetrahedron, quadrilateral
thermo , calidi > hot
Examples: thermometer
trans > across, beyond, through
Examples: transatlantic, transpolar
tri > three
Examples: tricorn, triumvirate
ultra > beyond
Examples: ultraviolet
un > not
Examples: unwilling
uni > one, singular
Examples: university, unilateral
Roots
arch > ancient
Examples: archetype
aster/astra > star
Examples: astronomy
audi > hear
Examples: audible
bene > good/well
Examples: benefit
bio > life
Examples: biology
brev > short
Examples: abbreviation
chrono > time
Examples: chronology
derm > skin
Examples: dermatologist
dict > to say, to speak
Examples: contradict, dictate, diction, edict, predict
duc > to lead, bring, take
Examples: deduce, produce, reduce
fer > carry
Examples: transfer
fix > fasten
Examples: affix
gen > birth
Examples: generate
geo > earth
Examples: geography
graph > write
Examples: graphic
gress > to walk
Examples: digress, progress, transgress
hemo > blood
Examples: hemoglobin
herb > plants
Examples: herbaceous
hydro > water
Examples: hydrate
ject > to throw
Examples: eject, interject, project, reject, subject
jur/just > law
Examples: jury
log/logue > word/thought
Examples: dialogue
luc > light
Examples: lucid
manu > hand
Examples: manual
meter/metr > measure
Examples: thermometer
neg > no
Examples: negate
ocu > eye
Examples: ocular
olig > few
Examples: oligarchy
op/oper > work
Examples: operation
path > feeling
Examples: sympathy
ped > child
Examples: pediatrics
pel > to drive
Examples: compel, dispel, impel, repel
pend > to hang
Examples: append, depend, impend, pendant, pendulum
phil > love
Examples: philosophy
phys > body/nature
Examples: physical
pod > foot
Examples: podiatrist
port > to carry
Examples: comport, deport, export, import, report, support
proto > first
Examples: prototype
pseudo > false
Examples: pseudonym
scrib, script > to write
Examples: describe, description, prescribe, prescription, subscribe, subscription, transcribe, transcription
scrib/script > write
Examples: scribble
sect > cut
Examples: dissect
sol > alone
Examples: solitary
struct > build
Examples: construct
tact > touch
Examples: contact
tele > far off
Examples: telephone
ter/terr > earth
Examples: territory
tract > to pull, drag, draw
Examples: attract, contract, detract, extract, protract, retract, traction
vac > empty
Examples: vacant
ver > truth
Examples: verify
verb > word
Examples: verbal
vert > to turn
Examples: convert, divert, invert, revert
vid/vis > see
Examples: video
Suffixes
able, ible > forms adjectives; “capable or worthy of”
Examples: likable, flexible
ac, al, an, ar, ic, ous > possessing, full of
Examples: capricious, carnal, banal
al > relating to
Examples: maternal
arium > place of
Examples: aquarium
ation > forms nouns from verbs
Examples: creation, civilization, speculation, information
cide > killing
Examples: fratricide, homocide
dom > quality/state
Examples: freedom
fy, ify > forms verbs; “to make or cause to become”
Examples: purify, acidify, humidify
ic > relating to
Examples: poetic
ile > quality/state
Examples: juvenile
ism > quality/state
Examples: catholicism
ist > one who practices
Examples: biologist
ment > forms nouns from verbs
Examples: entertainment, amazement, statement, banishment
ment > forms nouns from verbs
Examples: entertainment, amazement, statement, banishment
meter > measuring device
Examples: spectrometer
oid > resembling, appearance of
Examples: ovoid
ology > science, theory, study of, or expression
Examples: theology, biology, astrology
osis > process; diseased/abnormal condition; increase, formation
Examples: halitosis
ous > quality/state
Examples: nebulous
pathy > disease, treatment of disease
Examples: neuropathy
philia > tendency toward; abnormal attraction to
Examples: pyrophilia
phobia > fear of
Examples: hydrophobia, agoraphobia
tion > quality/state
Examples: preservation
ty, ity > forms nouns from adjectives
Examples: subtlety, certainty, electricity, technicality
ular > relating to
Examples: cellular
Until next month,
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